Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate in a patient with a history of neuroblastoma: A case report and a review of the literature.

Secondary neoplasms were reported as one of the complicated complications of childhood cancer treatment. Salivary gland carcinoma is rare, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most prevalent subtype. Secondary neoplasms following neuroblastoma are not often described due to poor long-term survival. The exact cause of these tumors in children, and adults is not clearly known, but they are often observed after head, and neck radiotherapy and mainly involve main salivary glands, especially the parotid. Hence, we report a case of MEC with telangiectasia in the salivary glands of a 20-year-old girl with complaint of a palatal swelling who was treated with chemotherapy (etoposide, G-CSF, cyclophosphamide) without radiotherapy since childhood (18 months) in terms of neuroblastoma. Based on our knowledge, only three cases of MEC following neuroblastoma have been reported before, all of which involved the major salivary glands. Survivors of primary neoplasms who were treated are at risk of secondary malignant neoplasms, which usually occur at a long interval from the primary neoplasm (5-15 years), which necessitates long and close follow-up.

A Systematic Review of Interleukin-17 in Oral Lichen Planus: From Etiopathogenesis to Treatment.

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic autoimmune disease of skin and mucous membranes. World Health Organization has announced oral lichen planus (OLP) as a premalignant lesion. The exact etiology of OLP remains unknown; however, different mechanisms may be involved in its immunopathogenesis. The upregulation of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules is consistent with a persistent and erratic immunological response to OLP-mediated antigens generated by oral keratinocytes and innate immune cells. These molecules attract T cells, and mast cells to the disease site and regulate complex interactions among cells that lead to death of keratinocytes, degradation of basement membrane, and chronicity of the disease. It is believed that CD8+ and CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells are the main lymphocytes involved in this process, although recent evidence suggests implication of other T helper subgroups, such as Th23, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), proposing a more complex cellular immunity process to be involved in its pathogenesis. The emphasis of this research review is on the function of IL-17 in the pathophysiology of OLP and how current discoveries may point to future treatment strategies. This research protocol will follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA 2020) checklist. An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane databases for articles published from 1960 to June 2022. Based on the eligibility criteria, 21 articles were enrolled. In comparison to healthy controls, the findings of this review demonstrated greater expression of IL-17 and Th-17 in the blood, saliva, and tissues of OLP and LP patients. Additionally, there was a strong link between the relative levels of IL-17 and IL-23 expression. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Th-17/Tc-17, IL-12/IL-23, and IL-23 would result in significant long-term improvement of LP symptoms.

A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Infiltration Injection Pain in the Anterior Maxilla

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with 810-980 nm wavelengths. Material and Methods: In the current triple-blind clinical trial, 84 patients received a total of 168 infiltration anesthesia injections (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) in the anterior maxilla. Each patient received two injections into the buccal mucosa of the right and left central incisors with a two-week interval. One injection was performed after LLLT, while the other injection was administered conventionally without laser. The pain level was measured immediately after injection using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: There was a significant difference in the pain level experienced with and without LLLT, such that the mean pain score following LLLT was significantly lower than that without LLLT (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the pain level between laser and no laser groups in males, but the difference in this regard was significant in females (p<0.05) and female patients experienced a significantly lower level of pain following LLLT. Conclusion: The low-level laser therapy can be successfully used to decrease the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla (AU).